Re: Not Good News From Israel
Chapter 5.2 - Zionism, 1918 - 1948
What led to the creation of the state of Israel, continued.
After WWI, and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the political divisions of the Middle East changed dramatically.
Syria, 1918-20, Prince Feisal (Lawrence of Arabia's mate) proclaimed himself king, but after opposition from other Arabs was expelled. Syria was then mandated to the French.
Iraq, 1919, was initially a mandate for Britain. In 1921, the just deposed Feisal of Syria was proclaimed as king of Iraq. In 1930, Britain recognised Iraqi independence.
Transjordan, 1921, Abdullah ibn Hussein became the Emir. In 1923, Transjordan was separated from Palestine, as a buffer against central Arabia. Transjordan became Britain's closest ally in the Middle East.
Palestine, 1920, in disregard to the Balfour Declaration, a British mandate over Palestine was established. Struggles between Arabs & Jews continued.
The basis for the racial policies of the Nazis in Germany was:
1. the race ideology,
2. the desire to find a scapegoat to blame for the defeat of 1918, and
3. the singling out of an enemy, a practice without which the totalitarian form of government cannot function.
I don't want to get into what details took place during the Holocaust, so to go over it quickly, it began in 1933, and finished in 1945 with the perishing of 6,000,000 Jews. Most of the countries occupied by the Germans in WW2 co-operated with the Holocaust. The only resistance was put up by Finland, Italy, Bulgaria & Denmark.
The holocaust in itself is not the root for Zionism. The Holocaust was merely a repeat of what had happened again and again to the Jewish people. What became clear to Holocaust survivors and to other Jews around the world is that if there was to be a Jewish homeland then the Jews would have to create it themselves. Just as the Greeks had done in the 1830s, the Italians in the 1850s, the Germans in the 1860s, the Bulgars in the 1870s, and many other countries post WWI & WW2. If the Jews were to have a homeland, it was in their hands to do so.
Organised by the Jewish Agency (the unofficial govt), the Histadrut (General Federation of Labour, Enterprise & Education), and the National Fund, more land in Palestine was being purchased from the Arabs for Jewish settlement. By 1939, before WW2, 33% of the population and 12% of the soil of Palestine were Jewish. The resistance of the Arabs, who were economically backward and politically split into 2 camps (that of the Grand Mufti Huseini of Jerusalem and that of the supporters of King Abdullah of Jordan), intensified.
Between 1936-39 there was already civil war, with the British taking turns supporting the Arab partisans and the Jewish Haganah. Both parties rejected the 1937 Peel partition plan compromise proposals.
In 1939 the British govt caved into Arab pressure and limited Jewish immigration and purchases of land to maintain an Arab majority. The policy was fought by Jewish terrorists (Irgun Zwai Leumi). Faced with indirect British and direct German antisemitism, the Jewish Agency during WW2 took the side of the Allies and developed Palestine into a centre of Allied supplies, while the Arabs (the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem) leaned towards the Axis powers. In 1942, a Jewish Brigade of volunteers became part of the British army.
Yet after the war the British continued their blockade of illegal Jewish immigrant ships (the Exodus tragedy); concentration of Jews in camps in Cyprus and repatriation. Jewish terror alternated with Arab counter-terror.
In 1946, a British-American commission urged the opening of the borders to 100,000 Jewish immigrants. At the London Palestine Conference, the British foreign secretary Bevin found no solution for the problem; he passed it to the UN.
In 1947, UN Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) recommended the partition of Palestine, approved by the UN General Assembly and the Jewish Agency, but rejected by the Arabs. The Arab Liberation Army occupied Galilee and attacked the Jewish Old City of Jerusalem.
In May 1948, the British gave up the mandate. Withdrawal of the British army and administration plunged the country into anarchy.
On May 14th 1948, Proclamation of the state of Israel by the Jewish National Council (under the chair of Ben Gurion); the attack by the Arab League - interrupted by UN mediation efforts (Jun-Jul) - was repulsed (Israeli air superiority); flight by sections of the Arab population (into the Jerusalem ghettos by order of the Grand Mufti); Jewish terrorists murdered the UN emissary Count Bernadotte. Following fighting in the Negev desert (conquest of Eilat), a joint 1949 armistace treaty was concluded (Feb-Jun); partition of Jerusalem, the west bank of the Jordan river fell to Jordan, the Gaza Strip came under Egyptian administration; the lines of the front stabilized and became the states' borders.
After almost 2,000 years of waiting, the Jewish people once again had a sovereign state of their own. It wasn't given to them, they had taken it & created it themselves.
(Again, this has been taken from The Penguin Atlas Of World History, Vol.2, Penguin, 1995 edition)