Re: Not Good News From Israel
Ok,
Chapter 3 - The Rise of the Levant & the Crusades, 800AD - 1450AD
The development of Islam, and its off-shoots, up to the fall of Constantinople.
So what happened around the Middle East towards the end of the BCs & early ADs.
1. The Phoenicians spread through the Mediterranean to create the Carthagian empire in northern Africa & southern Spain. This was taken by Rome.
2. Rome took hold of the whole of the Middle East, reaching a peak at about 300AD.
3. In the 4th century AD, Rome became administratively too complex and split into two. The Western Roman Empire centred in Rome & the Eastern Roman Empire centered in Constantinople ( Istanbul). The Middle East came under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire.
4. In 227AD, Ardashir, with a revival of Zoroasterianism, created the neo-Persian Sassanid Empire.
Mohammed's famous dates.
570AD, the birth of Mohammed.
622, 'The Hegira', the flight to Medina, 'the city of the prophet', the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
630, the return of Mohammed to Mecca.
632, the death of Mohammed at Medina.
Upon Mohammed's death, 632AD, Islam had spread across the Arabian peninsula.
By the end of the first 4 Caliphs, it had spread into the Levant, through Egypt into Libya, east up to but not including Persia, and north to Armenia, but did not include Anatolia (Asia Minor) which was still held by the Eastern Roman Empire. It was during the time of the Caliphs that the original split between the Sunni & the Shi'ite Muslims occurred.
In 661, the area controlled by Islam was organised into an empire, being the Omayyad dynasty. By 750AD, it had spread eastwards to the Indian border, and westwards into southern Spain. The political centre was Bagdad.
The Abbasid dynasty took over the Middle East in 750AD, and remained until 1258, but were politically unimportant after 940AD.
In 1000AD, the Cairo based Caliphate of the Fatimids took over until 1170. During this time the 1st Crusade occurred and Jerusalem & the Levant was taken by the Crusaders in 1099. It was held by them until 1187.
In 1170, as a result of the decline of the Abbasids, a young ambitious leader born in Tikrit (the same birth city as Sadam Hussein), named Saladin, he recaptured Jerusalem and created the Ayyubid dynasty. When Saladin captured Jerusalem he was merciful and spared all the crusaders & their families, and let them return to Europe.
1189-92, was the 3rd, King Richard's, crusade. The result of which was the agreement to allow the Christian churches in Jerusalem to continue & free pilgrimage for all Christians into Jerusalem.
The 2nd crusade, 1147-49 was a complete failure, whilst the 4th crusade, 1202-04, led to the sacking of the old Christian bastion of Constantinople by the crusaders.
The last, 7th crusade, was in 1270.
In all, the crusades were very ugly with very little nobility shown by the crusaders. The Muslims continued to show mercy to the Christians. The crusaders repaid this by continually butchering all Muslims.
The Crusades, and later the Inquisition, show the worst elements of Christianity.
Between 800-1492, the Muslims were progressively thrown out of Spain.
In the 1300s the Muslims reorganised themselves in the Ottoman Empire. Constantinople was taken by them in 1453, renamed Istabul, and became the Ottoman Empire's capital. By 1529 they were stopped just outside the walls of Vienna. My favourite Ottomon emperor was 'Sulieman the Magnificent', 1520-66. That was the zenith of the Ottomans, whose empire slowly declined until it collapsed in WWI.
During this time there were many intrigues, coupes, revolts & inter-tribal conflicts. Shi'ites v Sunni, and vice-versa, and, of course, everyone v Druze.
I'll come back in a short while to explain 'the Druze', a most interesting people in the Middle East.